Covered Warrants

Introduction

Warrants cost a fraction of the price of their underlying security and give the buyer the right (but not the obligation) to buy ("Calls") or to sell ("Puts") this underlying security at a predetermined price (the Strike or Exercise Price) on or before a predetermined date (the "Expiry" or "Completion" Date). The underlying securities can be shares, baskets of shares, commodities, international currencies or share price indices. The act of using the right given by the warrant is referred to as "Exercise". Warrants are classified as either American or European style, meaning that they can be exercised at any time during the life of the warrant (American style) or only on the expiry date (European style). Warrants are part of the family of Securitised Derivatives as their value depends on the value of the underlying security. As such, the warrant investor gains economic exposure to this underlying security without actually owning it. Some key differences distinguish covered warrants from exchange-traded options and company-issued warrants: Covered warrants are issued by financial institutions such as SG, Goldman Sachs and Trading Lab who define the characteristics of each warrant. They are listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and are settled via CREST in the same way as an ordinary share. Covered warrants cannot be short sold. Exchange Traded Options are traded on the London International Financial Futures Exchange and cleared through London Clearing House (LCH). Investors can short sell (write) options giving a potentially unlimited liability and can be obligated to make margin payments. Exchange Traded Options tend to have a shorter maturity than covered warrants. Company warrants are issued by companies on their own shares to raise equity capital. Upon exercise, the company will issue new shares. Both choice and liquidity are patchy in these instruments. As the terms of each covered warrant are unique, it is important to read the Term Sheet of each warrant, available on this site. However, there are certain standard terms, which must be understood prior to investing in warrants.

http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/pricesnews/prices/coveredwarrants/

Covered warrants are issued by financial institutions and then listed as fully tradable securities on the London Stock Exchange.

A covered warrant gives the holder the right (but with no obligation) to buy or sell an underlying asset, at a specified price, on or before a predetermined date. For many investors, covered warrants will seem similar to options. Covered warrants typically have longer maturities than options, and are issued over a wider range of assets.

The terms are also more varied – covered warrants are highly flexible and can be issued on underlyings meet market demand. For example, you can invest in covered warrants based on foreign equities and indices, the housing market or commodities such as gold, silver and oil.

With covered warrants you cannot lose more than your initial investment. Your maximum loss is known in advance, and there are no margin calls, ie further payments to maintain your position. This differentiates covered warrants from some other forms of derivatives.

Stop-loss Warrants

Stop-loss warrants allow investors to take a bullish or bearish view on the underlying asset in a similar way to a futures or CFD investment. They replicate the performance of the underlying, but are leveraged investments with an inbuilt stop-loss mechanism.

Key Features

• Leverage – as with covered warrants, rather than paying for the underlying in full, investors pay only the difference in the underlying value and the strike price. The remaining capital required to purchase the underlying (in the case of a call) is borrowed from the Issuer, and the cost of this is built into the price of the warrant.

• Stop-Loss – feature an in-built stop-loss mechanism, ensuring the investor’s maximum potential loss is equal to initial capital invested. Should the stop-loss level be breached, the warrant will automatically exercise. Depending on the terms of the security, the warrant may automatically redeem at zero or alternatively it may retain some intrinsic value at the stop-loss level.

Because of the leverage inherent in covered warrants and stop-loss warrants, percentage movements in the price of the underlying are amplified. As such, investment in these instruments should be considered high risk.

Who would buy Covered Warrants or Stop-loss Warrants?

Stop-loss warrants amplify the performance, positive or negative, of the chosen underlying asset. As such, they are designed for those who have a bullish (calls) or bearish (puts) outlook on the underlying and want small movements in the underlying to lead to large profits/losses.

http://www.incademy.com/courses/Covered-Warrants-I/Introduction/1/1087/10002

http://www.londonstockexchange.com/NR/rdonlyres/3DBD5787-5467-4A2C-A98D-B9D2E6EC5CEA/0/IntroductiontoCoveredWarrants.pdf

Dual Currency Bond - Contd..

Generically, a fixed income instrument which pays a coupon in a base currency (usually the currency of the investor) and the principal in a non-base currency (typically the currency of the issuer). This generic structure is subject to many variations. Also called Adjustable Long-term Puttable Securities (ALPS). See also Alternative Currency Option, Foreign Currency Bond, Foreign Interest Payment Security (FIPS), Indexed Currency Option Notes (ICONs), Principal Exchange Rate-Linked Securities (PERLS), Reverse Dual Currency Bond, Variable Redemption Bonds.

http://riskinstitute.ch/00011215.htm

http://www.deutsche-bank.de/lexikon/

Dual Currency Bond

Definition:

A dual-currency bond is a hybrid debt instrument with payment obligations over the life of the issue in two different currencies. The borrower makes coupon payments in one currency, but redeems the principal at maturity in another currency in an amount fixed at the time of the issue of the bonds. The price of the bonds in the secondary market is indicated as a percentage of the redemption amount.

Context:

The following are variants of dual-currency bonds: - Foreign Interest Payment Security (FIPS) - Adjustable Long-term Putable Security (ALPS) - Yen-linked Bond - Multiple Currency Clause Bond - Special Drawing Right (SDR) Bond - Shogun or Geisha Bond.

Amortization & Sinking Fund

Meaning of amortization: reduction, liquidation, or satisfaction of a debt. The term amortization may also refer to the sum used for that purpose. The term is commonly used in ascertaining the investment value of securities. Thus, if a security is bought at more than its face value (i.e., at a premium), a part of the premium is periodically charged off in order to bring the value of the security to par at maturity; if the security is bought at less than its face value, the discount is similarly charged off. Paying off a mortgage or any other debt by installments or by a sinking fund is amortization. Amortization by paying off a certain number of bonds each year is practiced by public corporations. National governments of limited credit as well as private companies commonly amortize by sinking funds. Governments with stronger credit usually refund debts by issuing new bonds. The satisfying of a debt by a single payment may be termed amortization. Amortization of a fixed asset refers to the depreciation of a nonmaterial investment over its estimated average life.